Artificial Intelligence - Jobs and Misleads

 See also   https://jim-quinn4.blogspot.com/     my CV

Artificial Intelligence is either:
Systems that think like humans and that act like humans, or Systems that think rationally and that act rationally

The difference is that humans are emotional - In England we support the England football team because we are English, but rationally we should support another more successful team?

However, how do we actually use the words Artificial Intelligence? Surely we mean systems that think, not just data collect like ChatGPT, which common parlance says produces thoughtful output and is AI, but which actually it is not, for it is comprehensively software programmed to link words together that can be understood. There is a problem with the definition of AI, because we can programme software to do many jobs, except think for itself and be creative like humans can – that is years away.

Robots have for many years, decades even, been able to talk to us, by stringing words together in response to a comment (all pre-programmed into software) - like "My name is Jim" and it responds in writing or speech with "Hullo Jim, my name is Eliza". This might be termed AI in its very simplest form, for the System gives you a meaningful response, but it is not AI at all, for it is not thinking for itself. It is simple software.

ChatGPT (version 3 or 4) is like a Google search engine - ask it a question and it searches the internet just like Google producing lists of results, and then strings the words together that it finds from the responses that it finds. It probably uses a comprehensive dictionary to link verbs and nouns etc that have related meanings, to link all of the internet search paragraphs or sentences together. ChatGPT probably just uses the top 5 or 6 popular results from the search without prioritisation. Search is what we humans do, selecting which result seems reasonable by our thinking, but ChatGPT can make mistakes by using fake news as its source among others. Luckily fake news is not so common, but it may become so, especially if ChatGPT produces lots of output that refers to itself. The problem with ChatGPT is that it creates text that looks good, but is nowhere near as good as a human content researcher or strategist thinker could produce - businesses that use ChatGPT should recognise that it's text could be over simple and could be fake, or not well thought. Business should be aware, and employ good people, not go for cheap possibly woolly results.

Thinking is more than just collecting data together, so ChatGPT is not AI, even though it has that label.

How do we create things? That is surely more like the real definition of AI. As a Professional Engineer, I have creative ideas about how to design something, but I test those ideas after making it, so I have to prove that my news is not fake. A creative idea is also defined by the Patent system - it has to be a new idea, and it involves an inventive step and it can be manufactured. By searching the List of Patents, I can obtain ideas to help me form an inventive step which is new because it is not listed. I have yet to see any software create such a new idea other than a random assortment of untested lines on paper, for real AI does not yet exist.

Thinking means more than just accepting a data search - double or triple checking is necessary, looking at various data sources and rationally working out what is most likely. A good understanding of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Maths) helps to identify fake news. I had to triple search Google to find that the human brain only becomes human in two halves at about 30-35 weeks, just a month before normal birth. How do you trust what you see from ChatGPT? We already have a problem online, identifying what is correct as this Google search illustrates.

AI has a heightened risk in surveillance (facial recognition software is a data search engine comparing two photos together, one in the database and the other in the crowd, but often mis-identifies black people), discrimination among minorities, and a lack of accountability for when things go wrong. We have to challenge these things.

Bioethics can be described as a combination of two subjects – Biology and Philosophy. Philosophy shows the ropes of a perfectly moral life in society for any human being and ethics stick to the notion of right and wrong, good and bad. In the field of medicine and healthcare, professionals come up with complex issues and disputed points.I think the principles of bioethics are: Beneficence (doing good) Non-maleficence (to do no harm) Autonomy (giving the patient the freedom to choose freely, where they are able) Justice (ensuring fairness). It seems to me that current versions of AI like ChatGPT could do harm - it can generate fake news without caution, it could make documents too simple, it could fail to prioritize its messages, it could make all our jobs low money earners, it could actually destroy jobs.

Current versions of AI might also save lives such as the argument that autonomous cars might save lives, but we all argue that taking our hands off the steering wheel is a big NONO without good demonstration of reliability – a Recognised Certificate is helpful! Tornado aircrew use software in their Terrain Following Radar Control, but they were trained to accept its safety and reliability, and in the Iraq War Tornado travelled at high speed at 50 ft altitude at night! Their Safety Certificate was well founded, by Professional Engineers, such as to avoid detection by the enemy through being too low for the enemy radar to pick them out and know where they were.

Software Engineers will be bound to explore new concepts, for it is intellectually stimulating, and there are needs for helpful software in spotting the needle in a haystack situation (like for Radiologists searching for that almost invisible tumour that needs photo enhancing software). Indeed the Radiologist will tire during the day trying to find tumour’s, so good software would help them to view more patients if it speeded up their search – this software would not replace thinking for a Radiologists job is more than just searching.

I am happy with Google searches, for they show huge lists of potential data which I can explore and think about, but ChatGPT potentially stops us thinking for ourselves by presenting an apparently finished argument, and that really worries me, for then it is difficult to spot misleading errors. We respect a qualified Human Professional, but there is NO qualified Professional in ChatGPT output. I think we should hang a notice around ChatGPT and its ilk, which says “This output may mislead”, just as we have notices on cigarette packets that say “this might kill”, so many years after unscrupulous business claimed that cigarettes do not cause cancer. And I would extend that argument to Declare that ANY software which appears to produce a conclusive argument should have a “This output may mislead” label stuck to it. Thus, facial recognition software should have such a label too. The new UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology is in the process of forming an AI group that could consider Regulations such as I suggest.

What is democracy, other than the freedom to think and communicate between ourselves – why should we allow software to support Autocracy, where the Autocrat is AI itself?

We cannot all be trained into Software Engineering. Supermarket Cashiers have long been used to automatic pricing totals, and still be cheerful with the Customer. There are many jobs in between that software may help or change.

We need to be cheerful in life: Let us enjoy it and take care with current versions of AI.

LISP and Intelligent Thinking

My 1981 book  LISP (ISBN 0-201-08329-9) taught me about recursive programming, and here below is an example (tower-of-hanoi), which I programmed into my Sinclair Spectrum 48k in about 1986, since when I have taken a great deal of interest in Artificial Intelligence, which was what LISP was designed as a Symbol Manipulation Language to do. There is an example in the book of visual recognition used in Industry, where Engineers have been able to shift one type of package from one route to another, thus avoiding mixing of many different types of package, and segregating them more usefully - like the Post Office used to do, before Royal Mail started up. Below is a page from that LISP book, showing one object that could be sorted on a conveyor belt of goods:

and the book shows several short LISP programmes for determining the Area (15 lines of code), Centre of Area (24), Orientation (of least inertia, 36), Perimeter Length (20), and Euler number (identifies whether holes exist in image, 22) for any image, not just this one, and thus to identify the object, whether it be a banana, a tomato, a mushroom, a hammer, a screwdriver, a small or a big box, a silicon chip, an address,.......

That LISP book also taught me about how I think, for it chose to display search trees on page 138 and I adopted diagram (c) which I show here below: I think Depth First - which is my (and Engineering's) normal pattern. That is from  Requirement A to think down design routes B C D and then B E and to ensure we have thought of everything, we would go down F G H and then F G J thus to complete a full in depth design alternatives with development timescales, resources and man-hours costs. This diagram assumes I have presented ALL of the alternatives of course! Commercial Department would translate this into £ notes required, and put their contract around our Definition Submission - like the MilSpec we did for the Tornado Engine, the RB199 in 1969.

Note that Politicians will normally be asked to remember many Policies, so will go on a Breadth First route for they cannot know the Depth First route - hence they will remember D H J perhaps, but will have no knowledge, or even idea, of how it got there, whilst I might remember the most important route, but not necessarily all the alternatives unless I take some time to explore my memory by logically remembering the evaluation.

 

This RECURSIVE programme (tower-of-hanoi) certainly works, as follows, from design to execution:

*(DEFUN tower-of-hanoi (N) (transfer   'A    'B   'C   N))

                                           ; N discs on A first, smaller disc always on top of bigger

                                           ; and throughout never have a bigger disc on top of a smaller disc

                                           ; the aim is to move all discs in order from column A to B

                                           ; this is a comment and takes no part in the programme

*(DEFUN move-disc (FROM TO)

                (LIST  (LIST   'move  'disc   'from   FROM   'to   TO))) 

*(DEFUN transfer (FROM    TO     SPARE   NUMBER)

                 (COND  ((EQUAL   NUMBER    1) (move-disc  FROM    TO)

                       (T  (APPEND  (transfer     FROM    SPARE   TO  (SUB1  NUMBER))  ;recursive

                                 (move-disc   FROM   TO)

                                 (transfer     SPARE    TO    FROM  (SUB1  NUMBER))))))           ;recursive

                                            ;The software will expect this type of instruction from the keyboard:

*(tower-of-hanoi 3)              ;and then will print:

((move disc from A to B)(move disc from A to C)(move disc from B to C)(move disc from A to B)*(move disc from C to A)(move disc from C to B)(move disc from A  to B))

                                            ;or, given a new move-disc function:

*(DEFUN move-disc (FROM TO)       

                (LIST     FROM     TO)) 

                                            ;the keyboard instruction: 

*(tower-of-hanoi 5)              ;will give column-column:

(AB AC BC AB CA CB AB AC BC BA CA BC AB AC BC AB CA CB AB CA BC BA CA CB AB AC BC AB CA CB AB)  

                   ; where the column of discs on A has now been entirely and correctly moved to B

*(TRACE transfer)                   ; this will trace each use of the function transfer

*(TRACE move-disc)                      ; this will trace each use of the function move, then:

*(tower-of-hanoi 3)                   ;is traced as follows:

0: (transfer A B C 3)

    1: (transfer A C B 2)

        2: (transfer A B C 1)

                3; (move-disc A B)

                3: (move-disc returned (AB))

        2: (transfer returned (AB))

        2: (move-disc A C)

        2: (move-disc returned (AC))

        2: (transfer B C A 1)

                3: (move-disc B C)

                3: (move-disc returned (BC))

        2: (transfer returned (BC))

    1: (transfer returned (AB AC BC))

    1: (move-disc A B)

    1: (move-disc returned (AB)

    1: (transfer C B A 2)

        2: (transfer C A B 1)

                3: (move-disc C A)

                3: (move-disc returned (CA))

        2: (transfer returned (CA))

        2: (move-disc C B)

        2: (move-disc returned (CB))

        2: (transfer A B C 1)

                3: (move-disc A B)

                3: (move-disc returned (AB))

        2: (transfer returned (AB))

    1: (transfer returned (CA CB AB))

0: (transfer returned (AB AC BC AB CA CB AB))

(AB AC BC AB CA CB AB)

*

Software multiple digit fun

This is      https://jim-quinn8.blogspot.com

See also  https://jim-quinn4.blogspot.com 

The value of the natural logarithm e with 110 e terms in my Long Number Calculator with just 1510 digits for the calculation (the assigned limit to speed it up!) inside the

 .exe file (which took only 2 minutes 6 seconds on my desktop!) is:

2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247093699959574966967627724076630353547594571382178525166427427466391932003059921817413596629043572900334295260595630738          this has 159 accurate digits

while

The value of the natural logarithm e with 2570 digits after the decimal point and it is accurate upon reading, and as a result of my Visual Basic Version 2.5 Long Number calculation, with 1100 e-terms is:

 1100 e terms v2.5 with an accurate 2570 digits after decimal point:

2.71828182845904523536028747135266249775724709369995957496696762772407663035354759457138217852516642742746639193200305992181741359662904357290033429526059563073813232862794349076323382988075319525101901157383418793070215408914993488416750924476146066808226480016847741185374234544243710753907774499206955170276183860626133138458300075204493382656029760673711320070932870912744374704723069697720931014169283681902551510865746377211125238978442505695369677078544996996794686445490598793163688923009879312773617821542499922957635148220826989519366803318252886939849646510582093923982948879332036250944311730123819706841614039701983767932068328237646480429531180232878250981945581530175671736133206981125099618188159304169035159888851934580727386673858942287922849989208680582574927961048419844436346324496848756023362482704197862320900216099023530436994184914631409343173814364054625315209618369088870701676839642437814059271456354906130310720851038375051011574770417189861068739696552126715468895703503540212340784981933432106817012100562788023519303322474501585390473041995777709350366041699732972508868769664035557071622684471625607988265178713419512466520103059212366771943252786753985589448969709640975459185695638023637016211204774272283648961342251644507818244235294863637214174023889344124796357437026375529444833799801612549227850925778256209262264832627793338656648162772516401910590049164499828931505660472580277863186415519565324425869829469593080191529872117255634754639644791014590409058629849679128740687050489585867174798546677575732056812884592054133405392200011378630094556068816674001698420558040336379537645203040243225661352783695117788386387443966253224985065499588623428189970773327617178392803494650143455889707194258639877275471096295374152111513683506275260232648472870392076431005958411661205452970302364725492966693811513732275364509888903136020572481765851180630364428123149655070475102544650117272115551948668508003685322818315219600373562527944951582841882947876108526398139559900673764829224437528718462457803619298197139914756448826260390338144182326251509748279877799643730899703888677822713836057729788241256119071766394650706330452795466185509666618566470971134447401607046262156807174818778443714369882185596709591025968620023537185887485696522000503117343920732113908032936344797273559552773490717837934216370120500545132638354400018632399149070547977805669785335804896690629511943247309958765523681285904138324116072260299833053537087613893963917795745401613722361878936526053815584158718692553860616477983402543512843961294603529133259

1100 terms ends in: 133259428

1000 terms ends in: 133259179

The equation is    e = 1/1! + 1/2! + 1/3! + 1/4! + 1/5! + 1/6! +.............+ 1/1100!

The screenshot below shows the first 160 digits - you have to copy to the right to obtain all digits, for there are actually 7010 in there, but as you have seen only 2570 count!

It took 7 hours 25 minutes to perform this calculation on my Windows XP desktop computer:

Intel(R) Core(TM)2 CPU     6300@1.86GHz      1.58GHz    1.97GB RAM

Physical Address Extension

Microsoft Windows XP Professional   Version 2002   Service Pack 3

Jim

and bigger to see better:

And for fun, this is the square root of 3 to 7010 digits from my Visual Basic long number calculator.exe:

1.732050807568877293527446341505872366942805253810380628055806979451933016908800037081146186757248575675626141415406703029969945094998952478811655512094373648528093231902305582067974820101084674923265015312343266903322886650672254668921837971227047131660367861588019049986537379859389467650347506576050756618348129606100947602187190325083145829523959832997789824508288714463832917347224163984587855397667958063818353666110843173780894378316102088305524901670023520711144288695990956365797087168498072899493296484283020786408603988738697537582317317831395992983007838702877053913369563312103707264019249106768231199288375641141422016742752102372994270831059898459475987664288897796147837958390228854852903576033852808064381972344661059689722872865264153822664698420021195484155278441181286534507035191650016689294415480846071277143999762926834629577438361895110127148638746976545982451788550975379013880664961911962222957110555242923723192197738262561631468842032853716682938649611917049738836395495938145757671853373633125910899655424624834787197605235997769192323570220305302840385915414971072429559206706202509520175963185872766359975283663431080150665853710647328538625922260582220510403680270297504798728079461658100417052681940019095733462175943893670249320422691034369812463720111185261084268910299720311202100063507176374582405203847555197279933797614906107894985544223326004018851303631561144886847281589288163245187265066645384877599162576642872111240842068016763517100102943180715515190961642460907039408129216903517492961364004139670431041253632327030922577327960292376597745537095469115742140424230781992327617401906424512454877516862696105333694216213605394604245654140128533007813633449856736406703977342229811961042925534501601405940479547154534548407271737656262366549166640233006013265744070107836858468452313160467754480500402240639911970362218602920238867150711017169400296868759663500040895316214233425227956834067013470185902028360716762147743493449563595808082130442586469468522610908263353008756612603460672195404055984128912975994810000772057440230047673258800091514371489475444879157191294659083570873961515537797640262068370848046072969382719585689759759626104159152657577790782334980567840022901532052138935373775536566427046826874289963441395743666073744445583086477893212985302148197395341478170516614952551763291993699565744522639112519093541386989366817430938226424736926202072990967831154131946484377915459915923928287714695149274026409213645654041644581490201945749419305269002613972646081065071439603206077510594187798284793986195249964165213139715293599421897416647075187235788629466108560170428869605798394052906407430811833388677881562635867156008396760245349229943938867059754315442943430957258470988215463111260766774067864571578060647447499750354544559313286549189849336572747626297414738235686914837831363361283627903824840163806671607179848728555842931349226093240565957553651136754644387834283313466644554180390821898983294626345016171122016929619460169320621033039744866231656003566781813443100896568706742965658177445572685015631594412507361198063472886466241327193669426712951450397518928313486192841303255188431169014671423794374728334344652482043796059732870616274910941596862625302558889768470417502003140262284691048046984032437906606737749627102512710602060862662843666050192890893838320006091228691881836842361693903523126930368613796811526946997891926635284389927016519825502252923579366281634568108913074112678378199449772765448294920438801301783546499213574032791577507786002296423504275996997626918738414847394773851563552091220963315839034567189415294357040653076085290174249768185502885276344949577449110422502453723156063618103504871759158032791798367510067136100066217566049573766777112925287302479926720158996418937762016114118289899682955902511656391422364995062850030696812973507251727918598301115277542298851885311763594786003123063726098369850308310852145595748359555715739356633680864821078791247051031631569581604348748829614894154585355561974999296877955099285527423590251810323766861609592552544319954907420679739157072614245328950428097351037967736660135917522627061232312589450697634813177754456066603576220483006904225389494867729521325719769245927670660765816558298675056572894658860919029644381285057859759437506402446062121456085608545249251368328754843438733720201692311630432705648060137587936856721535087816844078023292064623163811291772297752725531075161383682134604577799854625622081960631636019206330968516216231660683468863116621501323854287391304495123155216365621295187475530976570639955029880425647340557785191349533039888643071431785052007986242468481382976340802176297056457213162198306829364628682222279923816416353172598273213079714192676286915681181839966515100307010826703128664015918312719604038923540682591504595764918368552614803465109289896559961829716408498135702922729622140263750595519947501618105854474019764971593766342388569701982214045410209642908388248860987218876494800835944491934478931331080777740838035601892228537110093898091204853232990455598524096889180504497043838415045586150130902907091306156469685958969228276473764261083791700284689036668670497679170399954436330425855797794077269935288950837827114357125780631282729349883385045927110609526062879059715054945907279841681751687041505072957723365201003263831478479410794607656506369332663038206021719551471952041208479627248539111589302866641079696991524811276979149995102660574531123881393934919708926940735738491944291963007280950338654302137812339456142472424586825005490509782168419895154077663046648660253211821517058546481699010351020406040779053482395457081103662802419307833539518597508847118544793150345001580384709447854602092161934402798458912472052941776762506497961858234776556280824940544437650597779439080197924300154959936710407983913033119996866535017872308995874345981050410546853618716669008602651872709506307892209449850428619343629495429310972099408595585896796000425822959426943909574110166784798090792890754084338798997585569009471963248904323366036372887420477179897787319674789334640099238795928413280479076582258181183540591455395810029729132679714194354057353161415847980294411862031322519054091589019122255319653737392856310390787757920503439443610560728204865743914647280480723365927320176656223005701114685591214450995505364985643365509525473974996502828824922856959093188033794992264659862068823401174394496293131985985880254199347096201038949171977062258657266707618728353902334806925083435649537445628310757587186877538159397085400698899220166054425026312832880789794907045544329548492870187596100762027461311058672024649539970560477439601070677420574723587570759024726518532288910223630374462004719642400758541636765726892037163539219477428690685888815809704248358215149135699281075072307826447406718734809484544537264931062922580337258517145144805462076646086736427250483015812043421751869316708560008335295934426745872998735071625170300571157138175301302407011029660250955862422560289064674131908000682128984594

which was then squared to go back to "nearly" 3 !!

The Square of the Square Root of 3 to 7010 digits:

2.999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999

Note that if you enter -1 into the number 1 slot, and square it you will see 100 as the answer - so there are a couple of unrectified snags on the very simple stuff, but the big stuff works well.

And here is the Visual Basic long number calculator v2.5 programme - just a part:

Public Class fclsLongNumCalc

Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form

Public Const maxdigits As Integer = 7010

Public Const limit As Integer = 7055

Public Const Pi As String = "3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510582097494459230781640628620899862803482534211706798214808651328230664709384460955058223172535940812848111745028410270193852110555964462294895493038196442881097566593344612847564823378678316527120190914564856692346034861045432664821339360726024914127372458700660631"

Public Const e_ As String = "2.71828182845904523536028747"

Public Const c_km_per_sec As String = "299792.458"

' Throughout I have used the arrays starting at 1,

' to avoid confusion with the text start point.

Public intNum1(limit + 1) As Integer ' Number1

Public intNum2(limit + 1) As Integer ' Number2

Public intAnswer(limit + 1) As Integer ' Answer

Public lenNum1 As Integer ' length of number1

Public lenNum2 As Integer ' length of number2

Public length As Integer ' length of answer

Public dp1posn As Integer ' dpposn points to Number1 array position after dp

Public dp2posn As Integer ' dpposn points to Number2 array position after dp

Public dpAposn As Integer ' dpposn points to Answer array position after dp

Public failure As String ' failure is "0" for success, "1" or "2" otherwise

Public sign1 As Integer ' sign will be -1 if number is negative

Public sign2 As Integer ' and sign = 0 if number is positive

Public signA As Integer

etc etc etc

Private Sub btn_e_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btn_e.Click

Call WarningText(0, "0") ' Reset warning

Call calculate_e()

Call AnswerText() ' e is the result

End Sub

Private Sub calculate_e() ' Calculates e - the base of natural logs

Dim PrevTerm(limit + 1) As Integer ' Previous term of the series

Dim PrevSum(limit + 1) As Integer ' Previous sum of the series

Dim counter As Integer

Dim counter2 As Integer

Dim dpPrevTerm As Integer ' DP of previous term

Dim lenPrevTerm As Integer ' Length of previous term

Dim dpPrevSum As Integer ' DP of previous sum

Dim lenPrevSum As Integer ' Length of previous sum

Dim strN2 As String

Dim lenN2 As Integer

PrevTerm(1) = 1 ' Set values of the first term to start

dpPrevTerm = 2 ' in e = 1+1/1!+1/2!+1/3!+.....+1/n!+...

lenPrevTerm = 1

PrevSum(1) = 1

dpPrevSum = 2

lenPrevSum = 1

sign1 = 0

sign2 = 0

For counter2 = 1 To 1100 ' 1100 terms required for 2000+ digits

    For counter = 1 To limit + 1 'Transfer prevterm to n1 array

       intNum1(counter) = PrevTerm(counter)

    Next counter

dp1posn = dpPrevTerm

lenNum1 = lenPrevTerm

strN2 = Trim(Str(counter2)) ' Now n2 array = counter

lenNum2 = Len(strN2)

Call transfer(lenNum2, strN2, failure, dp2posn, intNum2, sign2)

Call Divide() ' Divide n1 by n2 to obtain next term in series

       For counter = 1 To limit + 1 ' Transfer asnwer to n1 and prevterm

           intNum1(counter) = intAnswer(counter)

           PrevTerm(counter) = intAnswer(counter)

       Next counter

dp1posn = dpAposn

dpPrevTerm = dpAposn

lenNum1 = length

lenPrevTerm = length

        For counter = 1 To limit + 1 ' transfer prevsum to n2

            intNum2(counter) = PrevSum(counter)

        Next counter

dp2posn = dpPrevSum

lenNum2 = lenPrevSum

Call Padding() ' Add n1 and n2 to obtain new sum of series

Call Adding()

         For counter = 1 To limit + 1 ' Transfer sum to previous sum array

             PrevSum(counter) = intAnswer(counter) ' gives e on buildup

         Next counter

dpPrevSum = dpAposn

lenPrevSum = length

Next counter2 ' Now loop back for next term

End Sub

Private Sub btnAbout_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnAbout.Click

Dim sMessage As String

sMessage = "Long Number Calculator" & ControlChars.CrLf & _

"Designed by Jim Quinn BSc CEng(1985) FIMechE - I also have C&G C++, but I prefer Visual Basic for I learnt that on my Sinclair Soectrum 48k in the 1980's!" & ControlChars.CrLf & _

"Version 2.5, 1100 e terms, June 2023"

MessageBox.Show(sMessage, "About", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information)

End Sub