Wednesday, February 25, 2026

Artificial Intelligence Definition - and Homo sapiens

This is       https://jim-quinn8.blogspot.com/     Software, AI, and Human I

      See      https://jim-quinn.blogspot.com/       World Stories


      and      https://jim-quinn3.blogspot.com/     No EV cars, Protect Females.....

      and     https://jim-quinn4.blogspot.com/     JQ info and Rallye

      and      https://jim-quinn6.blogspot.com/     Money and The Poor

    

Perhaps the Big Thing that AI could help with is "how to determine Priority" - for clearly the Uk Govt thinks Defence is more important than Caring For its Own People...... 

Russia has reacted to the USA's Aggression Politics from the Clinton-Cheney McCarthyism of 1994 and their 2004 push of NATO to "move East", by pre-empting "WW3" in Little Ukraine, 

      where Ethnic Russians Object to Kyiv's autocracy, and Russia DOES NOT intend to invade the rest of Europe, but is CERTAINLY SCARED of the Very Aggressive EU and UK......                  even sent Mig-31's SLOWLY AND VISIBLY into Estonia, WITHOUT attacking Tallinn NEARBY, to ASK FOR TALKS...... so, with that, the continuing EU and Ukriane Aggression, has caused Russia to STEP UP its Retaliation, stupid.....

Mr Putin's Military deliberately refrained from moving further north for nearly 2 years, waiting for YOU AGGRESSIVES to so OBSERVE....... and TALK.     In a boxing ring, would You Expect Anybody to just Stand There and take YOUR ATTACKS, without Retaliation of any sort, stupid......?       Thus the more recent increased Retaliation by The Russian Federation, because YOU ARE DEAF-BLIND STUPID

                        JimQ   25feb2026

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This Vee diagram was defined by our Panavia Tornado RB199 engine Thinking between June 1967 and September 1969's TS1800 Proposal, before manufacture. We evaluated four engines in Stage 2, and the 5th (a partial restart) in Stage 2 (then 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) is in service today!

Such Software Engineers design and development experience defined it similarly.















22sept2025

I had a discussion with my Daughter yesterday about translation - she helps Isere by translating from french into their english language publicity. Years ago she found DEEPL was more useful than google translate, so paid £70 a year for it, but ChatGPT is better!! 

She uses ChatGPT as a translation starter working also from some inputs she gives it. It needs a bit of cheerful humanity added, and some double checks of facts queried in her mind, but it actually helps, so has become a TOOL of benefit to her, not at all AI - thus she is critical of it, not just accepting it verbatim.

                 Jim        0711 uk bst

.......................................................

21feb2026    After discussion with a professional travel writer who has used "AI" in her work, it has become clearer to me that "AI" can provide sentence structures which can be seen as clearer and more professional for any user, so that we all benefit, writer and reader. She says that you have to check whether the source information is sufficient, for so far it is not so good at Data Searches......

24feb2026   I have also just watched "The Joy of AI" by Jim Al-Khalili on BBC four TV,where he explores some of those research ideas, which Mostly can be called "Machine Learning" successfully in some situations. One example was in the game "GO" - where the software came up with a move NOT seen before by expert humans. 

Great fun, but that move is now known by humanity, in that game. Similarly, when fighting a war perhaps.

The USA Tech Giants are welcomed by Starmer and Co with billions of investment - yet another USA strangle hold on Britain - Mr Trump merely says "PULLOUT of Britain" ahd 50,000 or so Britons become unemployed - what a RISK, given Mr Trump's MAGA, Sanction, and Tariff strategy's!!!

Once the "AI move" is known, humans WILL copy it - there are 8 billion of us humans, and 30million adults in Britain - so when that military "move" is passed on, Britain may have an advantage for a while - until other humans see it too - and copy it for themselves!!

How cost-effective is the Investment Strategy here? Maybe £billions FOR ONE IDEA, easily copied and low cost used by many. There must be about 30,000 retired CEng Engineers in Britain - employing THEM to Design Improvements, in any field givjnhe appropriate Study, would be FAR MORE Cost-Effective IN BRITAIN, than spending Billions on USA Tech Giants claiming either AI or ML!! 

Once you have found something useful, say, in a Database there is no point repeating that search for ever - so whatever YOU AI or ML, only ONE IDEA will come out...... is it worth that $billions?

Necessity is the Mother of Invention - is true for humans, SO what Questions have YOU ASKED of these Tech Giants that is WORTH $billions to answer..... One human can already do far more than the Tech Giants can IN THE REAL WORLD of Human NEED.....

Given there is something new: what type of "military move" might be on here? A new weapon, and/or a new strategy.... The new weapon is NATO's RFI able to control human brains (as in Iran forced riots)

The new strategy was to design a new Procedure which generated Russia's Invasion of Ukraine, and in JimQ case a WASTED SET of Investigations in over 35 Years Vetting(?) with NO END in JimQ case!!

I have described marks on white paper as easily placed and seen on FIRST recognition (as in Industry in the 1960's), while marks on black paper are not made until many years have passed (as in UK Government since 1980) because the Govts "black paper" PRESUMES that ONE IS EVIL and Proof of Innocence is very difficult to show. Such continuous suspicion leads to YEARS of Wasted and thus Expensive Investigation, because THEY SAY "you never know, he may go wrong tomorrow"!!

SexMad Epstein, Andrew, Mandleson should have been spotted years ago - it was Croneyism that CONCEALED IT......

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On 9nov2023 I wrote this and sent to the BCS, British Computer Society at  <custsupport@bcs.uk>  :


Artificial Intelligence is either:
Systems that think like humans and that act like humans, or Systems that think Rationally and that act Rationally

The difference is that humans are emotional - In England they support the England football team because they are English, but Rationally they should support another more successful team !

However, how do we actually use the words Artificial Intelligence? Surely we mean systems that think, not just data collect like ChatGPT, which common parlance says produces thoughtful output and is AI, but which actually it is not, for it is comprehensively software programmed to link words together that can be understood. There is a problem with the MEDIA and GOVERNMENT definition of AI, because we can programme software to do many jobs, except THINK for itself and be creative like humans can – that is years away.

Robots have for many years, decades even, been able to talk to us, by stringing words together in response to a comment (all pre-programmed into software) - like "My name is Jim" and it responds in writing or speech with "Hullo Jim, my name is Eliza". This might be termed AI in its very simplest form, for the System gives you a meaningful response, but it is not AI at all, for it is not thinking for itself. It is simple software.

ChatGPT (version 3 or 4) is like a Google search engine - ask it a question and it searches the internet just like Google producing lists of results, and then strings the words together that it finds from the responses that it finds. It probably uses a comprehensive dictionary to link verbs and nouns etc that have related meanings, to link all of the internet search paragraphs or sentences together. ChatGPT probably just uses the top 5 or 6 popular results from the search without prioritisation. Search is what we humans do, selecting which result seems reasonable by our thinking, but ChatGPT can make mistakes by using fake news as its source among others. Luckily fake news is not so common, but it may become so, especially if ChatGPT produces lots of output that refers to itself. The problem with ChatGPT is that it creates text that looks good, but is nowhere near as good as a human content researcher or strategist thinker could produce - businesses that use ChatGPT should recognise that it's text could be over simple and could be fake, or not well thought. Business should be aware, and employ good people, not go for cheap possibly woolly results.

Thinking is more than just collecting data together, so ChatGPT is not AI, even though it has that label.

How do we create things? That is surely more like the real definition of AI. As a Professional Engineer, I have creative ideas about how to design something, but I test those ideas after making it, so I have to prove that my news is not fake. A creative idea is also defined by the Patent system - it has to be a new idea, and it involves an inventive step and it can be manufactured. By searching the List of Patents, I can obtain ideas to help me form an inventive step which is new because it is not listed. I have yet to see any software create such a new idea other than a random assortment of untested lines on paper, for real AI does not yet exist.


Thinking means more than just accepting a data search - double or triple checking is necessary, looking at various data sources and rationally working out what is most likely. A good understanding of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Maths) helps to identify fake news. I had to triple search Google to find that the human brain only becomes human in two halves at about 30-35 weeks, just a month before normal birth. How do you trust what you see from ChatGPT? We already have a problem online, identifying what is correct as this Google search illustrates.


AI has a heightened risk in surveillance (facial recognition software is a data search engine comparing two photos together, one in the database and the other in the crowd, but often mis-identifies black people), discrimination among minorities, and a lack of accountability for when things go wrong. We have to challenge these things.


Bioethics can be described as a combination of two subjects – Biology and Philosophy. Philosophy shows the ropes of a perfectly moral life in society for any human being and ethics stick to the notion of right and wrong, good and bad. In the field of medicine and healthcare, professionals come up with complex issues and disputed points.I think the principles of bioethics are: Beneficence (doing good) Non-maleficence (to do no harm) Autonomy (giving the patient the freedom to choose freely, where they are able) Justice (ensuring fairness). It seems to me that current versions of AI like ChatGPT could do harm - it can generate fake news without caution, it could make documents too simple, it could fail to prioritize its messages, it could make all our jobs low money earners, it could actually destroy jobs.


Current versions of AI might also save lives such as the argument that autonomous cars might save lives, but we all argue that taking our hands off the steering wheel is a big NONO without good demonstration of reliability – a Recognised Certificate is helpful! Tornado aircrew use software in their Terrain Following Radar Control, but they were trained to accept its safety and reliability, and in the Iraq War Tornado travelled at high speed at 50 ft altitude at night! Their Safety Certificate was well founded, by Professional Engineers, such as to avoid detection by the enemy through being too low for the enemy radar to pick them out and know where they were.


Software Engineers will be bound to explore new concepts, for it is intellectually stimulating, and there are needs for helpful software in spotting the needle in a haystack situation (like for Radiologists searching for that almost invisible tumour that needs photo enhancing software). Indeed the Radiologist will tire during the day trying to find tumour’s, so good software would help them to view more patients if it speeded up their search – this software would not replace thinking for a Radiologists job is more than just searching.


I am happy with Google searches, for they show huge lists of potential data which I can explore and think about, but ChatGPT potentially stops us thinking for ourselves by presenting an apparently finished argument, and that really worries me, for then it is difficult to spot misleading errors. We respect a qualified Human Professional, but there is NO qualified Professional in ChatGPT output. I think we should hang a notice around ChatGPT and its ilk, which says “This output may mislead”, just as we have notices on cigarette packets that say “this might kill”, so many years after unscrupulous business claimed that cigarettes do not cause cancer. And I would extend that argument to Declare that ANY software which appears to produce a conclusive argument should have a “This output may mislead” label stuck to it. Thus, facial recognition software should have such a label too. The new UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology is in the process of forming an AI group that could consider Regulations such as I suggest.


What is democracy, other than the freedom to think and communicate between ourselves – why should we allow software to support Autocracy, where the Autocrat is AI itself?


We cannot all be trained into Software Engineering. Supermarket Cashiers have long been used to automatic pricing totals, and still be cheerful with the Customer. There are many jobs in between that software may help or change.


We need to be cheerful in life: Let us enjoy it and take care with current versions of AI.


....................................................

3rd April 2025:

I think I now understand the Book Authors concerns about software stealing their IPR, from ITV News tonight - apparently META have been reading the book into their software, which I imagine tries to correlate the sentence structure and flavour throughout the book, and then is able to repeat something close to the "Author's Flavour" in a new book. The bit I do not know is "who inside META drives" the "similar flavour" book construct as if the book is a new, but different story - human most likely, not a software creating book. The Original Authors say that META do COPY their IPR flavour. Thus, it seems to me that META should pay the original author a big chunk of each new META copy royalty, as if the author themselves had shared the creation of it. Every author the same amount or an individual Court Case Agreement? Not my discipline nor best ability!!

                         Jim

.............................................

I keep telling you that Your Version of AI (not AI at all, but simply ordinary human generated software) has been around for decades - here the New Scientist on 5march2025 published:

Earlier this year, the technology world welcomed back a long-lost friend. ELIZA, the world’s first artificial intelligence chatbot, had wowed the computer scientists of the mid-1960s with its ability to engage in seemingly meaningful conversation. But, for decades, ELIZA was considered lost because its creator – Joseph Weizenbaum at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology – never published the 420 lines of code he used to create it.

“At that time, it was actually kind of not normal to publish code,” says Jeffrey Shrager at Stanford University in California. Weizenbaum might even have thought that nobody would find it particularly interesting.

How times have changed: Shrager and his colleagues are so fascinated by Weizenbaum’s achievement that they founded the ELIZA Archaeology Project and began digging into the history of the ancient chatbot. A few years ago, their efforts were rewarded when they discovered the missing code in a box of Weizenbaum’s old documents at MIT, paving the way for ELIZA’s recent resurrection.

It is astonishing that we can once again talk to a chatbot that occupies such an important place in the history of AI. It got me wondering: is the ELIZA code the oldest out there, or are there even older snippets of computer code still performing impressive or important tasks?

                                  Jim            19march2025

And I had my own 1960's  33rpm vinyl record of Eliza singing "daisy daisy give me the answer do......"

................................................................................................

The Difference between these two illustrates my 30 or so year OLD photo enhancement software, that Media and Govt today thinks is AI - this enhancement is all that Radiographers have wanted for decades, so they can spot problems much more easily, but some NHS leadership has failed to recognise:

Do YOU see AI here? Of course not ...... but in Britain, Engineers (of the like that created this ArcSoft ware) are Despised by NHS England and Govt.......











and this is the "30 year old" ArcSoft contrast enhanced version:











                              Jim          17march2025

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12th February 2025:

CEng Fellow's like me want only to enjoy life, but earn enough to ensure income exceeds expenditure. We do not want to boss anybody around for we more enjoy contributing our ideas in a team of like minded thinking people, to produce advice or goods that help our Customers. We have no money of our own, and so look at recruitment posters to find something that is appropriately interesting. I have always been an aerospace enthusiast, and therefore an employee for I cannot possibly hold anywhere near enough IPR to build my own big aerothermodynamic solutions. As a result of my work in innovation in engines, I have been able to show that such Innovations, Investigations and Solutions are my big game, and that enthusiasm has led me on to other fields, like International Politics for example, where my digging deep approach has given big results and conclusions - 

                                 The Israeli are the Long Term Terrorists since 1948, not Hamas (even though they attacked Israel in October 2023) - Hamas have tried for years to promote the two state solution, but Israel and the USA have hugely rejected that idea, for they want a no-state solution to allow them to continue their very aggressive bullying, unbelievably supported by the Shallow Character of the Blind Politician "West"....

Elon Musk has given me no confidence in his "enthusiasm to dig deep"..... his recent rapid knee-jerks in his new "Ministry of Waste" in the USA with President Trump's approval, shows ...... a bully, with no attempt to persuade thoughtfully (for he has no real data based argument). He is a business man, not a technical engineer - his BA physics suggests it is not a technical qualification - his cars, rockets and spacecraft are from his money to employ good Engineers, not his ability. This is NOT the Type of Individual that CEng FIMechE are.

And there are many jobs that we do NOT want to do, but Bristol Engines introduced the Specialist Rank separate from the Management Rank within Engineering - a most beneficial sudden freedom from management, for those who like technology, numbers, calculating, simulating, thinking in their own Specialist evolving deep field of expertise.... JimQ is more Specialist than Manager, but a Clerk of Course Organiser he was too!

11th February 2025: 

I expect President Macrons' Attendee Politicians with no practical knowledge of AI, have left Paris, having not even considered nor sought...... better Homo sapiens Intelligence than theirs, 

                                    instead of hugely Funding the so called "AI experts" within, say, Microsoft and Google who will obviously love much more funding to experiment with..... and which software will still not be able to effectively better "invent" nor answer "why" than Homo sapiens for so many Years yet!

                                 Far better now, immediately, to ask CEng Fellow Qualified and Proven Thinkers, than any future hope for Artificial Intelligence to actually ask why, investigate, think...... like we already do (see my AAIB criticism in https://jim-quinn7.blogspot.com/2024/09/the-boeing-rr-heathrow-crash-in-2008.html  where the AAIB and CAA both made a real mess from not-thinking sufficiently!!) Politicians are so far behind even the CAA for they are loud wordy, memory only, breadth first people.

Not depth first people, who are the real people that sort out how to solve problems - as illustrated in my books, and here below: where thinking might go down the dotted route (for only one solution at G, while another route given funding, might result in an alternative J with a worse or better cost-effective answer evaluated - a Vee Stage 2 necessity), but breadth first people will only know ...... G or J (from us thinkers), not being able to generate any innovative deep thinking for themselves!

As I found a long while ago when trying to help the breadth-first Government employee/loud MP - with many helpful ideas. A few shown in my several blogspots (https://jim-quinn.blogspot.com/   and jim-quinn0 and 3 and 4 and 6 and....) were: HS2, No EV cars, males are ALWAYS guilty in Female rape so must Prove their innocence, helping control teenage behaviour, Government Destruction of the British Airframe Industry and the RAF's quality, and ..... more:

 














                                   Jim


10th February 2025:  President Macron :

https://www.elysee.fr/en/sommet-pour-l-action-sur-l-ia           10&11feb2025             AI Conference

Many many many problems in business and industry can be solved or be more cost effective by using software - often a bit of thought can identify what would help, but MOSTLY, NOT using expensive so called AI software. For example, supermarket cashiers have simple add and subtract software having read a barcode, making their job so easy that they can enjoy chat with the Customers and implicitly encourage them to come back and spend again. This approach can work wonders for many people, relieving boredom in multi-repetitive jobs.  AI as such is like spending an over complicated £1,000,000 to solve a £10,000 Quality Software solution to the problem - DO NOT be sucked into such expenditure!!

An example - Microsoft's Windows - Windows XP was perhaps their "best ever", but they decided to MAKE YOU SPEND MORE, by stopping XP support and saying that you have to take on...... so many money-making versions of Windows, because of human GULLIBILITY. Governments around the world should have insisted that XP was "maintained for ever", and no doubt provided some funding to ensure that, but far less expenditure than so many millions and millions of people buying the "poor" Windows updates! Government so often looks only at its own direct expenditure without helping the Population overall to NOT SPEND so much. 

Wealth in a country means also not spending more than necessary - taxes could be raised for the Health and Care System, if the overall sum of the People's expenditure could be saved on things like ....... the new "FREE TO YOU" (!!) smart energy meter (the Natural Gas meter battery cannot be replaced, because of POOR DESIGN, except by sending the WHOLE unit back to the Manufacturer, now becoming VERY rich! While our Natural Gas bill ALSO mounts because somebody has to dis/re connect the Gas pipes SECURELY with the Replacement Meter, and SEND the whole OLD meter to....) - 

                    an A4 page of CLEAR advice would have reduced OUR expenditure enormously, but UK Govt supported such a HUGE WASTE OF MONEY (meter costs hidden within electricity and gas bills)........ Each second a kettle is heated costs 3,000 watts of electrical Power to make a cuppa - DO NOT fill it more than necessary - 3,000 watts for a longer and longer time, costs a lot. What MORE ADVICE do you NEED?

9th February 2025:   The most important decision you have to make about AI is to ask "what does it do", and is that "what I want"? Humans and software find it easy to identify "what" something is - like recognising "scissors", but the big AI and Human problem is identifying "WHY" that occurred, or how do I "INVENT" something? These both require questioning, the deeper the better, and Today's AI CANNOT do that! Databases searches  by "machine learning" produce "what", but  not "why" that result exists since active Q&A and Cognition is so necessary.

I do "WHY" well when I am interested, but do not expect me to think of everything, though I will try - I enjoy working in a team of interested multi-disciplined people discussing accordingly, but I find wordy or memory only people most "unfriendly" in their ignorance. They take enormous amounts of time just to explain the simplest of concepts, BEFORE getting down to the task at hand! Thus I do not want such people in "my" team.

And Lawyers and Justices in Court are FAR TOO ignorant for ME to bother with explaining some high intensity activity........ that only I (or my Chartered Engineering colleagues, or the REAL Operators of    ......   Aircraft, Police, MotorSport.....) can make a Judgement about (impossible for their wordy, ignorant of the Real Intense World, take a long time in remote plush seating, selves)!! The Post Office Sub Postmaster TRIALS illustrate the Justices incompetence all of whom CONVICTED the Innocent - they ACTUALLY believed the Post Office computer output!! No questions such as an Engineer would naturally think...... a software CEng would have easily found that Terminal where Fujitsu were inserting numbers so freely...... the only way anything is input to a computer is by the software regularly checking whether any key has been pressed, reading that key and any subsequent, including the address where that input was to be stored......  so easy to find that Input Keyboard location in the software, but taking a while, for there are so many lines of code! 

I could construct a presentation to identify what I have discovered/suggest, and welcome questions to supply "answers" as best I can, but not "ignorant silly's" - no thanks.

                                    Jim     


Wednesday, July 5, 2023

LISP and Intelligent Thinking

My 1981 book  LISP (ISBN 0-201-08329-9) taught me about recursive programming, and here below is an example (tower-of-hanoi), which I programmed into my Sinclair Spectrum 48k in about 1986, since when I have taken a great deal of interest in Artificial Intelligence, which was what LISP was designed as a Symbol Manipulation Language to do. There is an example in the book of visual recognition used in Industry, where Engineers have been able to shift one type of package from one route to another, thus avoiding mixing of many different types of package, and segregating them more usefully - like the Post Office used to do, before Royal Mail started up. Below is a page from that LISP book, showing one object that could be sorted on a conveyor belt of goods:


and the book shows several short LISP programmes for determining the Area (15 lines of code), Centre of Area (24), Orientation (of least inertia, 36), Perimeter Length (20), and Euler number (identifies whether holes exist in image, 22) for any image, not just this one, and thus to identify the object, whether it be a banana, a tomato, a mushroom, a hammer, a screwdriver, a small or a big box, a silicon chip, an address,.......

That LISP book also taught me about how I think, for it chose to display search trees on page 138 and I adopted diagram (c) which I show here below: I think Depth First - which is my (and Engineering's) normal pattern. That is from  Requirement A to think down design routes B C D and then B E and to ensure we have thought of everything, we would go down F G H and then F G J thus to complete a full in depth design alternatives with development timescales, resources and man-hours costs. This diagram assumes I have presented ALL of the alternatives of course! Commercial Department would translate this into £ notes required, and put their contract around our Definition Submission - like the MilSpec we did for the Tornado Engine, the RB199 in 1969.

Note that Politicians will normally be asked to remember many Policies, so will go on a Breadth First route for they cannot know the Depth First route - hence they will remember D H J perhaps, but will have no knowledge, or even idea, of how it got there, whilst I might remember the most important route, but not necessarily all the alternatives unless I take some time to explore my memory by logically remembering the evaluation.


 

This RECURSIVE programme (tower-of-hanoi) certainly works, as follows, from design to execution:

*(DEFUN tower-of-hanoi (N) (transfer   'A    'B   'C   N))

                                           ; N discs on A first, smaller disc always on top of bigger

                                           ; and throughout never have a bigger disc on top of a smaller disc

                                           ; the aim is to move all discs in order from column A to B

                                           ; this is a comment and takes no part in the programme

*(DEFUN move-disc (FROM TO)

                (LIST  (LIST   'move  'disc   'from   FROM   'to   TO))) 

*(DEFUN transfer (FROM    TO     SPARE   NUMBER)

                 (COND  ((EQUAL   NUMBER    1) (move-disc  FROM    TO)

                       (T  (APPEND  (transfer     FROM    SPARE   TO  (SUB1  NUMBER))  ;recursive

                                 (move-disc   FROM   TO)

                                 (transfer     SPARE    TO    FROM  (SUB1  NUMBER))))))           ;recursive

                                            ;The software will expect this type of instruction from the keyboard for 3 discs:

*(tower-of-hanoi 3)              ;and then will print:

((move disc from A to B)(move disc from A to C)(move disc from B to C)(move disc from A to B)*(move disc from C to A)(move disc from C to B)(move disc from A  to B))

                                            ;or, given a new move-disc function:

*(DEFUN move-disc (FROM TO)       

                (LIST     FROM     TO)) 

                                            ;the keyboard instruction: 

*(tower-of-hanoi 5)              ;will give column-column:

(AB AC BC AB CA CB AB AC BC BA CA BC AB AC BC AB CA CB AB CA BC BA CA CB AB AC BC AB CA CB AB)  

                   ; where the column of 5 discs on A has now been entirely and correctly moved to B


*(TRACE transfer)                   ; this will trace each use of the function transfer

*(TRACE move-disc)                      ; this will trace each use of the function move, then:

*(tower-of-hanoi 3)                   ;is traced as follows:

0: (transfer A B C 3)

    1: (transfer A C B 2)

        2: (transfer A B C 1)

                3; (move-disc A B)

                3: (move-disc returned (AB))

        2: (transfer returned (AB))

        2: (move-disc A C)

        2: (move-disc returned (AC))

        2: (transfer B C A 1)

                3: (move-disc B C)

                3: (move-disc returned (BC))

        2: (transfer returned (BC))

    1: (transfer returned (AB AC BC))

    1: (move-disc A B)

    1: (move-disc returned (AB)

    1: (transfer C B A 2)

        2: (transfer C A B 1)

                3: (move-disc C A)

                3: (move-disc returned (CA))

        2: (transfer returned (CA))

        2: (move-disc C B)

        2: (move-disc returned (CB))

        2: (transfer A B C 1)

                3: (move-disc A B)

                3: (move-disc returned (AB))

        2: (transfer returned (AB))

    1: (transfer returned (CA CB AB))

0: (transfer returned (AB AC BC AB CA CB AB))

(AB AC BC AB CA CB AB)

*


Sunday, July 2, 2023

Software multiple digit fun

This is      https://jim-quinn8.blogspot.com

See also  https://jim-quinn4.blogspot.com 


The value of the natural logarithm e with 110 e terms in my Long Number Calculator with just 1510 digits for the calculation (the assigned limit to speed it up!) inside the

 .exe file (which took only 2 minutes 6 seconds on my desktop!) is:

2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247093699959574966967627724076630353547594571382178525166427427466391932003059921817413596629043572900334295260595630738          this has 159 accurate digits

while

The value of the natural logarithm e with 2570 digits after the decimal point and it is accurate upon reading, and as a result of my Visual Basic Version 2.5 Long Number calculation, with 1100 e-terms is:

 1100 e terms v2.5 with an accurate 2570 digits after decimal point:

2.71828182845904523536028747135266249775724709369995957496696762772407663035354759457138217852516642742746639193200305992181741359662904357290033429526059563073813232862794349076323382988075319525101901157383418793070215408914993488416750924476146066808226480016847741185374234544243710753907774499206955170276183860626133138458300075204493382656029760673711320070932870912744374704723069697720931014169283681902551510865746377211125238978442505695369677078544996996794686445490598793163688923009879312773617821542499922957635148220826989519366803318252886939849646510582093923982948879332036250944311730123819706841614039701983767932068328237646480429531180232878250981945581530175671736133206981125099618188159304169035159888851934580727386673858942287922849989208680582574927961048419844436346324496848756023362482704197862320900216099023530436994184914631409343173814364054625315209618369088870701676839642437814059271456354906130310720851038375051011574770417189861068739696552126715468895703503540212340784981933432106817012100562788023519303322474501585390473041995777709350366041699732972508868769664035557071622684471625607988265178713419512466520103059212366771943252786753985589448969709640975459185695638023637016211204774272283648961342251644507818244235294863637214174023889344124796357437026375529444833799801612549227850925778256209262264832627793338656648162772516401910590049164499828931505660472580277863186415519565324425869829469593080191529872117255634754639644791014590409058629849679128740687050489585867174798546677575732056812884592054133405392200011378630094556068816674001698420558040336379537645203040243225661352783695117788386387443966253224985065499588623428189970773327617178392803494650143455889707194258639877275471096295374152111513683506275260232648472870392076431005958411661205452970302364725492966693811513732275364509888903136020572481765851180630364428123149655070475102544650117272115551948668508003685322818315219600373562527944951582841882947876108526398139559900673764829224437528718462457803619298197139914756448826260390338144182326251509748279877799643730899703888677822713836057729788241256119071766394650706330452795466185509666618566470971134447401607046262156807174818778443714369882185596709591025968620023537185887485696522000503117343920732113908032936344797273559552773490717837934216370120500545132638354400018632399149070547977805669785335804896690629511943247309958765523681285904138324116072260299833053537087613893963917795745401613722361878936526053815584158718692553860616477983402543512843961294603529133259


1100 terms ends in: 133259428

1000 terms ends in: 133259179

The equation is    e = 1/1! + 1/2! + 1/3! + 1/4! + 1/5! + 1/6! +.............+ 1/1100!

The screenshot below shows the first 160 digits - you have to copy to the right to obtain all digits, for there are actually 7010 in there, but as you have seen only 2570 count!

It took 7 hours 25 minutes to perform this calculation on my Windows XP desktop computer:

Intel(R) Core(TM)2 CPU     6300@1.86GHz      1.58GHz    1.97GB RAM

Physical Address Extension

Microsoft Windows XP Professional   Version 2002   Service Pack 3

Jim



and bigger to see better:








And for fun, this is the square root of 3 to 7010 digits from my Visual Basic long number calculator.exe:

1.732050807568877293527446341505872366942805253810380628055806979451933016908800037081146186757248575675626141415406703029969945094998952478811655512094373648528093231902305582067974820101084674923265015312343266903322886650672254668921837971227047131660367861588019049986537379859389467650347506576050756618348129606100947602187190325083145829523959832997789824508288714463832917347224163984587855397667958063818353666110843173780894378316102088305524901670023520711144288695990956365797087168498072899493296484283020786408603988738697537582317317831395992983007838702877053913369563312103707264019249106768231199288375641141422016742752102372994270831059898459475987664288897796147837958390228854852903576033852808064381972344661059689722872865264153822664698420021195484155278441181286534507035191650016689294415480846071277143999762926834629577438361895110127148638746976545982451788550975379013880664961911962222957110555242923723192197738262561631468842032853716682938649611917049738836395495938145757671853373633125910899655424624834787197605235997769192323570220305302840385915414971072429559206706202509520175963185872766359975283663431080150665853710647328538625922260582220510403680270297504798728079461658100417052681940019095733462175943893670249320422691034369812463720111185261084268910299720311202100063507176374582405203847555197279933797614906107894985544223326004018851303631561144886847281589288163245187265066645384877599162576642872111240842068016763517100102943180715515190961642460907039408129216903517492961364004139670431041253632327030922577327960292376597745537095469115742140424230781992327617401906424512454877516862696105333694216213605394604245654140128533007813633449856736406703977342229811961042925534501601405940479547154534548407271737656262366549166640233006013265744070107836858468452313160467754480500402240639911970362218602920238867150711017169400296868759663500040895316214233425227956834067013470185902028360716762147743493449563595808082130442586469468522610908263353008756612603460672195404055984128912975994810000772057440230047673258800091514371489475444879157191294659083570873961515537797640262068370848046072969382719585689759759626104159152657577790782334980567840022901532052138935373775536566427046826874289963441395743666073744445583086477893212985302148197395341478170516614952551763291993699565744522639112519093541386989366817430938226424736926202072990967831154131946484377915459915923928287714695149274026409213645654041644581490201945749419305269002613972646081065071439603206077510594187798284793986195249964165213139715293599421897416647075187235788629466108560170428869605798394052906407430811833388677881562635867156008396760245349229943938867059754315442943430957258470988215463111260766774067864571578060647447499750354544559313286549189849336572747626297414738235686914837831363361283627903824840163806671607179848728555842931349226093240565957553651136754644387834283313466644554180390821898983294626345016171122016929619460169320621033039744866231656003566781813443100896568706742965658177445572685015631594412507361198063472886466241327193669426712951450397518928313486192841303255188431169014671423794374728334344652482043796059732870616274910941596862625302558889768470417502003140262284691048046984032437906606737749627102512710602060862662843666050192890893838320006091228691881836842361693903523126930368613796811526946997891926635284389927016519825502252923579366281634568108913074112678378199449772765448294920438801301783546499213574032791577507786002296423504275996997626918738414847394773851563552091220963315839034567189415294357040653076085290174249768185502885276344949577449110422502453723156063618103504871759158032791798367510067136100066217566049573766777112925287302479926720158996418937762016114118289899682955902511656391422364995062850030696812973507251727918598301115277542298851885311763594786003123063726098369850308310852145595748359555715739356633680864821078791247051031631569581604348748829614894154585355561974999296877955099285527423590251810323766861609592552544319954907420679739157072614245328950428097351037967736660135917522627061232312589450697634813177754456066603576220483006904225389494867729521325719769245927670660765816558298675056572894658860919029644381285057859759437506402446062121456085608545249251368328754843438733720201692311630432705648060137587936856721535087816844078023292064623163811291772297752725531075161383682134604577799854625622081960631636019206330968516216231660683468863116621501323854287391304495123155216365621295187475530976570639955029880425647340557785191349533039888643071431785052007986242468481382976340802176297056457213162198306829364628682222279923816416353172598273213079714192676286915681181839966515100307010826703128664015918312719604038923540682591504595764918368552614803465109289896559961829716408498135702922729622140263750595519947501618105854474019764971593766342388569701982214045410209642908388248860987218876494800835944491934478931331080777740838035601892228537110093898091204853232990455598524096889180504497043838415045586150130902907091306156469685958969228276473764261083791700284689036668670497679170399954436330425855797794077269935288950837827114357125780631282729349883385045927110609526062879059715054945907279841681751687041505072957723365201003263831478479410794607656506369332663038206021719551471952041208479627248539111589302866641079696991524811276979149995102660574531123881393934919708926940735738491944291963007280950338654302137812339456142472424586825005490509782168419895154077663046648660253211821517058546481699010351020406040779053482395457081103662802419307833539518597508847118544793150345001580384709447854602092161934402798458912472052941776762506497961858234776556280824940544437650597779439080197924300154959936710407983913033119996866535017872308995874345981050410546853618716669008602651872709506307892209449850428619343629495429310972099408595585896796000425822959426943909574110166784798090792890754084338798997585569009471963248904323366036372887420477179897787319674789334640099238795928413280479076582258181183540591455395810029729132679714194354057353161415847980294411862031322519054091589019122255319653737392856310390787757920503439443610560728204865743914647280480723365927320176656223005701114685591214450995505364985643365509525473974996502828824922856959093188033794992264659862068823401174394496293131985985880254199347096201038949171977062258657266707618728353902334806925083435649537445628310757587186877538159397085400698899220166054425026312832880789794907045544329548492870187596100762027461311058672024649539970560477439601070677420574723587570759024726518532288910223630374462004719642400758541636765726892037163539219477428690685888815809704248358215149135699281075072307826447406718734809484544537264931062922580337258517145144805462076646086736427250483015812043421751869316708560008335295934426745872998735071625170300571157138175301302407011029660250955862422560289064674131908000682128984594


which was then squared to go back to "nearly" 3 !!

The Square of the Square Root of 3 to 7010 digits:

2.999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999

Note that if you enter -1 into the number 1 slot, and square it you will see 100 as the answer - so there are a couple of unrectified snags on the very simple stuff, but the big stuff works well.

And here is the Visual Basic long number calculator v2.5 programme - just a part:

Public Class fclsLongNumCalc

Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form

Public Const maxdigits As Integer = 7010

Public Const limit As Integer = 7055

Public Const Pi As String = "3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510582097494459230781640628620899862803482534211706798214808651328230664709384460955058223172535940812848111745028410270193852110555964462294895493038196442881097566593344612847564823378678316527120190914564856692346034861045432664821339360726024914127372458700660631"

Public Const e_ As String = "2.71828182845904523536028747"

Public Const c_km_per_sec As String = "299792.458"

' Throughout I have used the arrays starting at 1,

' to avoid confusion with the text start point.

Public intNum1(limit + 1) As Integer ' Number1

Public intNum2(limit + 1) As Integer ' Number2

Public intAnswer(limit + 1) As Integer ' Answer

Public lenNum1 As Integer ' length of number1

Public lenNum2 As Integer ' length of number2

Public length As Integer ' length of answer

Public dp1posn As Integer ' dpposn points to Number1 array position after dp

Public dp2posn As Integer ' dpposn points to Number2 array position after dp

Public dpAposn As Integer ' dpposn points to Answer array position after dp

Public failure As String ' failure is "0" for success, "1" or "2" otherwise


Public sign1 As Integer ' sign will be -1 if number is negative

Public sign2 As Integer ' and sign = 0 if number is positive

Public signA As Integer


etc etc etc


Private Sub btn_e_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btn_e.Click

Call WarningText(0, "0") ' Reset warning

Call calculate_e()

Call AnswerText() ' e is the result

End Sub



Private Sub calculate_e() ' Calculates e - the base of natural logs


Dim PrevTerm(limit + 1) As Integer ' Previous term of the series

Dim PrevSum(limit + 1) As Integer ' Previous sum of the series

Dim counter As Integer

Dim counter2 As Integer

Dim dpPrevTerm As Integer ' DP of previous term

Dim lenPrevTerm As Integer ' Length of previous term

Dim dpPrevSum As Integer ' DP of previous sum

Dim lenPrevSum As Integer ' Length of previous sum

Dim strN2 As String

Dim lenN2 As Integer


PrevTerm(1) = 1 ' Set values of the first term to start

dpPrevTerm = 2 ' in e = 1+1/1!+1/2!+1/3!+.....+1/n!+...

lenPrevTerm = 1

PrevSum(1) = 1

dpPrevSum = 2

lenPrevSum = 1

sign1 = 0

sign2 = 0


For counter2 = 1 To 1100 ' 1100 terms required for 2000+ digits


    For counter = 1 To limit + 1 'Transfer prevterm to n1 array

       intNum1(counter) = PrevTerm(counter)

    Next counter


dp1posn = dpPrevTerm

lenNum1 = lenPrevTerm

strN2 = Trim(Str(counter2)) ' Now n2 array = counter

lenNum2 = Len(strN2)


Call transfer(lenNum2, strN2, failure, dp2posn, intNum2, sign2)


Call Divide() ' Divide n1 by n2 to obtain next term in series


       For counter = 1 To limit + 1 ' Transfer asnwer to n1 and prevterm

           intNum1(counter) = intAnswer(counter)

           PrevTerm(counter) = intAnswer(counter)

       Next counter


dp1posn = dpAposn

dpPrevTerm = dpAposn

lenNum1 = length

lenPrevTerm = length

        For counter = 1 To limit + 1 ' transfer prevsum to n2

            intNum2(counter) = PrevSum(counter)

        Next counter

dp2posn = dpPrevSum

lenNum2 = lenPrevSum


Call Padding() ' Add n1 and n2 to obtain new sum of series

Call Adding()


         For counter = 1 To limit + 1 ' Transfer sum to previous sum array

             PrevSum(counter) = intAnswer(counter) ' gives e on buildup

         Next counter


dpPrevSum = dpAposn

lenPrevSum = length


Next counter2 ' Now loop back for next term


End Sub


Private Sub btnAbout_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnAbout.Click

Dim sMessage As String


sMessage = "Long Number Calculator" & ControlChars.CrLf & _

"Designed by Jim Quinn BSc CEng(1985) FIMechE - I also have C&G C++, but I prefer Visual Basic for I learnt that on my Sinclair Soectrum 48k in the 1980's!" & ControlChars.CrLf & _

"Version 2.5, 1100 e terms, June 2023"

MessageBox.Show(sMessage, "About", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information)


End Sub